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LSI IPMP North FINAL 7-11-23.pdf Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community ~ Northampton Campus Northampton, MA June 20th, 2023 Prepared by Jessica Applin Land Stewardship, Inc. Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com June 20th, 2023 INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN: Lathrop Community, Northampton Invasive plant management activities are planned for the Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus in Northampton, MA. The Lathrop Northampton Campus is located on Bridge Road in Northampton, MA (Figure 1). This property includes approximately 20 acres of riparian, woodland, and edge habitat, 14.5 acres of which are protected under Conservation Restriction. It hosts a mix of habitat types that connect with Fitzgerald Lake Conservation Area, making the Lathrop parcels an important part of the larger landscape connectivity of the area which is otherwise moderately developed. This landscape connectivity is essential in supporting wildlife and plant species, especially as they continue to shift and adapt to a changing climate. Managing invasive plants is an important part of maintaining healthy habitats and protecting our natural resources. In addition, the north section of Pine Brook directly abuts upstream riparian habitat that has been identified by the University of Massachusetts, Conservation and Assessment Prioritization System (CAPS) as having ecological integrity (Appendix A), which further supports the need to manage this property in a way that continues to promote a healthy landscape. On 5/31/2023 Jessica Applin, Director of Ecological Services at Land Stewardship Inc. (LSI) visited the site to survey invasive plant populations and assess overall site conditions. Joined by Barbara Walvoord and a group of dedicated Lathrop stewards, the goal was also to discuss management priorities and the big picture goals of the ongoing invasive plant management effort. A table of invasive species of concern, along with suitable treatment methods, can be found in Table 1. As portions of the project area falls under the jurisdiction of the Wetlands Protection Act (WPA), a Notice of Intent (NOI) will need to be filed with the Easthampton Conservation Commission and with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). A map displaying classified DEP wetlands, buffer zones, and approximate hydrology is included below in Figure 2. Maps depicting invasive plant distributions and overall densities as well as priority management areas and site conditions at the subject property are included for reference (Figures 3 & 4). Individual invasive species distributions and densities have been provided separately in shapefile format. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 2 Figure 1. Map displaying the location of the Lathrop Community Parcels in Northampton, MA. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Easthampton Campus 3 Figure 2. Map displaying Mass DEP wetlands, hydrology, and buffer zones within the Lathrop Community Northampton Campus Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Easthampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 4 Invasive Plant Assessment & Priority Management Areas Invasive plants were observed throughout most of the property at varying densities. The table below lists all invasive plants identified, as well as treatment notes for each species. A map of invasive plant densities and distribution follows (Figure 3). This list is based on observations in the field and is not necessarily all inclusive. Table 1. Invasive species observed at the Lathrop Community Easthampton Campus property. Common Name Scientific Name Notes Shrubs Glossy buckthorn Frangula alnus Suitable for hand pulling, foliar application treatment and cut stem treatment depending on size class, density, and proximity to wetlands. Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Suitable for hand pulling, foliar application treatment and cut stem treatment depending on size class, density, and proximity to wetlands. Winged euonymus/burning bush Euonymus alatus Suitable for hand pulling, foliar application treatment and cut stem treatment depending on size class, density, and proximity to wetlands. Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii Suitable for foliar application treatment. Bush honeysuckle Lonicera spp. Suitable for hand pulling, foliar application treatment and cut stem treatment depending on size class, density, and proximity to wetlands. Multiflora rose Rosa multiflora Suitable for foliar application treatment and cut stem treatment depending on size class, density, and proximity to wetlands. Autumn olive Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Suitable for foliar application treatment and cut stem treatment depending on size class, density, and proximity to wetlands. Vines Asiatic bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Large climbing vines (>1/2” in diameter) are suitable for cut stem treatment. Low growing vines, and climbing vines 1/2'” in diameter are suitable for prep cutting and foliar treatment. Seedlings can be hand pulled. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 5 Herbaceous Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata Suitable for hand pulling and foliar treatment depending on the size of the population. Japanese stiltgrass Microstegium Vimineum Suitable for foliar application treatment. Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica Suitable for foliar application treatment. Lesser celandine Chelidonium majus Suitable for hand pulling and foliar treatment depending on the size of the population. Porcelain berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Suitable for mowing and foliar treatment. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Easthampton Campus 6 Figure 3. Map displaying invasive plant densities and distribution observed at the Lathrop Northampton Campus Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Easthampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 7 Though invasive plants occur throughout the Lathrop Community Campus, it may not be feasible, or recommended to try and manage them all at once. A focused, consistent effort is always more successful. In collaboration with a group of passionate members of the Lathrop community, we have prioritized management recommendations based on past management efforts from dedicated residents as well as partnering contractors, species, distribution/density, management feasibility, restoration potential, and overall impact to the ecosystem. This plan is designed to lay out realistic management goals and focus on areas that will have the most positive impact overall in the short term, while causing the least amount of disturbance to the landscape. This assessment focused primarily on the Conservation Restriction (CR) areas as well as the riparian corridor that connects the two of them, but it is recommended that management areas extend into the connected forested upland to the south where populations continue past CR lines. All recommendations are described further below. Management of invasive plants on the property has been broken down into three priority tiers. Priority 1 areas are areas under CR that have received invasive plant management in the past and need continued follow up management. Priority 2 areas are areas that have received management in the past and need follow up stewardship management but are not under CR. Priority 3 areas are areas where invasive plant populations extend outside of the CR boundaries and have not yet been treated, but where extending management is recommended. If it is not financially possible to tackle the entirety of this area all at once, management should be executed from north to south. This area was lumped together as to not complicate the overall management strategy, but the southernmost section of the larger Priority 3 management area (south of the compost field and around the Community Garden, approximately .75 ~ 1 acre) should be left until last, once the rest of the upland forest invasive populations are under control. It should be noted that the majority of the northern CR parcel is not included in any of the priority tiers. This is because invasive plants were not observed in this area during the time of the assessment. This of course does not mean there are no invasive plants present, but it does mean that densities are incredibly low. For now, we are recommending that this area be monitored by Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 8 residents and that hand pulling be conducted as needed. If new patches begin to establish, or small isolated areas are found moving forward that need more attention, it is recommended that residents recruit help if necessary. The map below (Figure 4) shows priority areas 1-3 where we are recommending invasive plant management, followed by a methods summary and treatment schedule to manage those areas the most effectively. Residential Invasive Plant Management. At Lathrop, the undeveloped forests and fields closely abut the residential portion of the campus, which itself is intermixed with natural areas, mowed lawns, and landscaped gardens. Thus, to an unusual degree, the entire campus functions as a single ecosystem. Wildlife moves among those areas, as demonstrated by frequent presence in the residential areas of black bear, bobcat, fox, turtles, and birds. There are a number of important advantages to placing high priority on managing invasives within the residential portion of the campus. Invasives in these areas serve as a source of invasion for the less developed lands. Further, reducing invasives in the residential portion of the campus presents a strong message to residents and outsiders about the values of the community. Also, these areas are easier for volunteers to access and to monitor. Removal of invasives in these areas makes the work of the committee visible to residents. Science has established that a surprising richness of wildlife, including pollinators and birds, can live within landscaped areas if those areas contain at least 70% native plants, and invasives are kept under control. Thus it is recommended that Lathrop manage the invasives within the residential areas as part of their overall plan. Invasive populations within the residential areas vary in distribution and density. The same methods for treatment may be used for these areas as for the other areas covered in this report. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 9 We understand that the issues of treatment here are complex. Residents feel varying degrees of “ownership” of the land adjacent to their homes as well as the more common areas. The boundaries between what Lathrop manages and finances and what residents or lanes manage and finance may not be entirely clear. Residents may differ in their attitudes toward use of herbicides. We recommend that Lathrop create a plan for residential areas. Indicate the presence and density of invasives. Ruth Elcan’s map of oriental bittersweet on the north campus is a fine start (Appendix B). Establish goals for the management of invasives in each area or in each level of density. For example, a goal to control one or a few types of invasives; a goal to keep bittersweet from climbing shrubs and trees but not try to eradicate it on the ground; a goal to remove and, if necessary to replace, winged euonymus around the homes of residents who request it; and so on. Estimate the degree to which volunteers can achieve these goals, and where help will be needed. Decide how the work can be financed. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Easthampton Campus 10 Figure 4. Map displaying areas where prioritizing treatment is recommended. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Easthampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 11 Methods Summary We recommend the following methods for invasive plant management: Mowing/Cutting High density woody invasives growing along residential edges should be mowed with a brush mower, weed whacker or brush saw where feasible. Mowing and cutting should occur several times a growing season as needed. This equipment also reduces the size and foliar density of target species, facilitating subsequent foliar herbicide applications if desired, and shifting vegetation to a more desirable species composition overall. Foliar spray application (backpack sprayers) Foliar applications should be conducted for invasive shrubs < 5’ tall and/or with stems < 1” diameter using hand-pumped backpack sprayers. Leaves should be uniformly wet, but not to the point of runoff. A 2% herbicide solution will be used (volume/volume) along with a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% solution (v/v). Treated invasive plants should be left to degrade in place over time and will not be cut or mowed. A. B. Figure 5. A. Crew conducting a foliar spray herbicide application with backpack sprayers. B. The result of a foliar spray herbicide application on invasive vine species 3 weeks after treatment. Cut Stem treatment (CST) For invasive shrubs that are > 5’ tall and/or with stems > 1” diameter and bittersweet vines, a cut stem/stump herbicide application will need to be conducted. Larger plants should be cut with loppers, brush saws or chainsaws. A concentrated herbicide mix (50%) should be applied directly to the cambium or outer layer of each individual cut stem or stump to ensure targeted treatment (Figure 6). Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 12 A. B. Figure 6. Photos depicting a cut stem treatment. Photo A shows bittersweet vines in trees after CST. Photo B shows the equipment and personnel involved in the CST operation after clearing. Herbicide Selection and Environmental Conditions Applications should be conducted with either the wetland approved glyphosate-based herbicide Aquamaster (EPA Reg. No.524-343) or a Triclopyr based herbicide such as Vastlan (EPA Reg. No. 62719-68)7, or Garlon 3A (EPA Reg. No. 62719-37) along with a non-ionic wetland surfactant and indicator dye depending on the target species. These herbicide formulations are considered nonvolatile. There should be no rain for a 12-hour period after application and several hours prior to any herbicide application. A wind meter should be used to measure wind speed and wind direction. Wind speeds should be less than 10 mph and ideally in the range of 2-5 mph to avoid non-target damage resulting from a temperature inversion. Temperature should be less than 95 degrees Fahrenheit to avoid aerating the herbicide mix. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 13 Treatment Methods & Schedule Priority 1 Areas: (2.5 acres) - Estimated cost per acre for 3 years of treatment = $1,200-$1,400/acre 2023/2024 ➢ Task 1. Cut Stem Treatments. Early Spring/Fall. Cut stem treatments should be performed on large mature winged euonymus found at the southwest corner of the northern CR parcel. Cut material should be pulled back from the residential edge and left to decompose naturally. This task should be timed either before plants start annual sap flow (December/January), after the initial sap flow has ended (mid to late April), or during the Fall season. 2024 ➢ Task 2. Hand pulling. Garlic mustard. Early Spring. The majority of garlic mustard hand pulling efforts can be conducted by residents but should be conducted earlier in the Spring in order to target garlic mustard before the plants go to seed. Densities are slightly higher in the south half of south CR parcel and may not be feasible for thorough hand pulling. If residents feel that the garlic mustard population is too scattered and/or too high of a density to manage, Lathrop stewards should recruit help with the pulling effort to keep the population from spreading. ➢ Task 3. Follow up foliar treatments. Summer. All Priority 1 Areas should receive a spot foliar treatment. New growth invasives are still at a relatively low density but have started to fill back into these locations. There are enough scattered and patchy low growing bittersweet vines throughout the area, as well as deep-rooted winged euonymus within the rocky hilled area (which overlaps with Priority Area 2) for hand pulling alone to be feasible. Japanese knotweed along the south edge of the southern CR parcel will also need continued foliar treatment to new growth. Managing these populations sooner rather than later will keep invasives under control and allow for easier stewardship management in the future. 2025 ➢ Task 4. Hand pulling. Early Spring. The majority of hand pulling efforts can be conducted by residents but should be conducted earlier in the Spring in order to target garlic mustard before the plants go to seed. If new growth invasive plant density is still too high or plants to scattered for residents to manage, residents should recruit help to keep up with this effort. ➢ Task 5. ***As needed. Follow up foliar treatments. Summer. All Priority 1 Areas should receive a spot foliar treatment to target any missed, or new growth plants if residents feel that the densities and distribution are too high or scattered to manage thoroughly. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 14 2026 All areas should be reassessed to determine where continued follow-up and or stewardship visits will be necessary and to what extent/frequency. Hand pulling efforts and monitoring will likely be needed as a stewardship strategy for several years. Priority 2 Areas: (3 acres) - Estimated cost per acre for 3 years of treatment = $1,200 -$1,400/acre 2023/2024 ➢ Task 1. Cut Stem Treatments. Early Spring/Fall. Cut stem treatments should be performed on larger invasive woody shrubs and climbing bittersweet near the trail head and behind the homes on Golden Chain Lane, including around the retention pond. Cut material should be pulled back from the residential edge and left to decompose naturally. This task should be timed either before plants start annual sap flow (December/January), after the initial sap flow has ended (mid to late April), or during the Fall season. *Large, winged euonymus that were intentionally planted as an ornamental shrub around the residential lots will not be targeted, though we strongly recommend cutting and treating them as they are adding to the spread of winged euonymus within the riparian corridor behind these units. Any residents that are interested in managing these shrubs should reach out so that they can be included in the overall treatment of this edge. 2024 ➢ Task 2. Hand pulling. Garlic mustard and Celandine. Early Spring. The majority of hand pulling efforts can be conducted by residents but should be conducted earlier in the Spring in order to target garlic mustard before the plants go to seed. Populations in the north Priority 2 area should be at a low enough density to be manageable. In the south Priority 2 area, garlic mustard populations are mixed in with celandine, another herbaceous invasive that is feasible to hand pull. The combined density of both of these plants is slightly higher in this area, but hand pulling is manageable with a consistent and solid effort. If residents feel that the garlic mustard and celandine populations in either of these areas are too scattered and/or too high of a density to manage, Lathrop stewards should recruit help with the pulling effort to keep the population from spreading. ➢ Task 3. Follow up foliar treatments. Summer. All Priority 2 Areas should receive a spot foliar treatment. New growth invasives are still at a relatively low density but have started to fill back into these locations. There are enough scattered and patchy low growing bittersweet vines throughout the north section, as well as deep-rooted winged euonymus within the rocky hilled area (which overlaps with Priority Area 1) for hand pulling alone to be feasible. In the south section where Japanese knotweed and stilt grass have previously been managed, new growth should be targeted in order to keep these two species under control. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 15 2025 ➢ Task 4. Hand pulling. Early Spring. The majority of hand pulling efforts can be conducted by residents but should be conducted earlier in the Spring in order to target garlic mustard and celandine before the plants go to seed. If new growth invasive plant density is still too high or plants to scattered for residents to manage, residents should recruit help to keep up with this effort. ➢ Task 5. Follow up foliar treatments. Summer. The north Priority 2 Area should receive a spot foliar treatment as needed to target any missed, or new growth plants if residents feel that the densities and distribution are too high or scattered to manage thoroughly. The south Priority 2 Area should receive a spot foliar treatment to target Japanese knotweed regrowth. 2026 All areas should be reassessed to determine where continued follow-up and or stewardship visits will be necessary and to what extent/frequency. Hand pulling efforts and monitoring will likely be needed as a stewardship strategy for several years. Japanese knotweed will continue to need minor spot foliar management to keep the population from re-establishing as it is most likely connected to a larger network of knotweed on the east abutting parcel. Priority 3 Areas: (3 acres) - Estimated cost per acre for 3 years of treatment = $1,800- $2,000/acre 2023/2024 ➢ Task 1. Cut Stem Treatment. Early Spring/Fall. A cut stem treatment should be performed on larger woody invasive shrubs and climbing bittersweet vines. Cut material should be pulled back from edges and left to decompose naturally. This task should be timed either before plants start annual sap flow (December/January), after the initial sap flow has ended (mid to late April), or during the Fall season. Bittersweet vines should receive cut stem treatments in the Fall or Winter only, cut stem treatments in this species are not as successful during the Spring months. ➢ Task 2. Mowing/Brush cutting/Weed whacking. Pond edge. Spring/Summer/Fall. The high-density area around the drainage pond between Firethorn and Butternut Lanes can be managed with frequent consistent cutting. If revegetation of native plants around the pond edge is desirable, foliar management should be considered and can be conducted along with the following recommended Task 4 treatment. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 16 2024 ➢ Task 3. Mowing/Brush cutting/Weed whacking. Pond edge. Spring/Summer/Fall. The high-density area around the drainage pond between Firethorn and Butternut Lanes can be managed with frequent consistent cutting. If revegetation of native plants around the pond edge is desirable, foliar management should be considered and can be conducted along with the following recommended Task 4 treatment. If this effort becomes desirable, timing adjustments to both tasks may be necessary for efficiency and overall effectiveness. ➢ Task 4. Initial foliar treatment. Summer. All Priority 3 areas should receive an initial foliar treatment. This task would include all invasives that are too small to receive a cut stem treatment. *The timing of this task will depend on when the initial cut stem treatment is performed. The initial foliar treatment should not happen prior to Task 2. If foliar management is desired around the retention pond, Tasks 3 will have to occur prior to treatment. ➢ Task 5. Follow up foliar treatment/ Japanese knotweed initial treatment. Late Summer. All Priority 3 areas should receive a follow up foliar treatment to target any missed or new growth invasive plants. There is also a patch of Japanese knotweed along the cemetery boundary, as well as scattered throughout the larger Priority 3 Area that will need to be targeted at this time. 2025 ➢ Task 6. Mowing/Brush cutting/Weed whacking. Pond edge. Spring/Summer/Fall. The high-density area around the drainage pond between Firethorn and Butternut Lanes can be managed with frequent consistent cutting. If revegetation of native plants around the pond edge is desirable, foliar management should be considered and can be conducted along with the following recommended Task 7 treatment. If this effort becomes desirable, timing adjustments to both tasks may be necessary for efficiency and overall effectiveness. ➢ Task 7. Follow up foliar treatment. Late Summer. All Priority 3 areas should receive a follow up foliar treatment to target any missed or new growth invasive plants. 2026 All areas should be reassessed to determine where continued follow-up and or stewardship visits will be necessary and to what extent/frequency. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 17 Maintenance & Stewardship Successful invasive plant management requires a serious ongoing commitment to protect investment in this project. Invasive plants can be reintroduced to the project area by wind, birds, and other animals. To keep invasive plants out of the area for the long term it will be necessary to monitor the area for new patches and individual plants even after three years of treatment. Options for managing invasive plants usually include hand-pulling, spot herbicide spraying, and/or repeated cutting. Our hope is that arrangements can be made for continuous stewardship of the property on an annual basis. We can help with planning for invasive plant stewardship in the future. However, successful long-term maintenance is ultimately the responsibility of the landowner who must actively manage the property in order to take appropriate preventative management actions. Restoration Potential The project area consists of upland forest and riparian habitat, as well as edges that are anthropogenically (human-impacted) disturbed. We do not believe that the project should be concerned with active revegetation apart from the southern retention pond edges. Passive regeneration should naturally occur (or is already occurring) in most areas. Over time native plants may be encouraged to fill the spaces previously occupied by invasive species. This should be sufficient to improve the aesthetics and ecology of the area. If desired, after the successful management of invasive species, we might suggest planting fruit and mast-producing woody native shrubs and trees along field edges to improve food availability for birds and other wildlife. Desired field species composition can also continue to be encouraged through seeding depending on overall goals. This plan has been prepared by: Jess Applin, M.S., CERP Director of Ecological Services Jess Applin has worked with Land Stewardship, Inc. since 2016, a company dedicated to ecological restoration planning, invasive plant management and native plant establishment. Jess is passionate about wildlife conservation, landscape ecology, and helping people re-connect with the natural world. She holds a BS in Biology (Westfield State University), an MS in Conservation Biology (Antioch University New England) and is a Certified Ecological Restoration Practitioner (CERP) through the Society of Ecological Restoration. She also has taught Principles of Environmental Science as an adjunct professor at Westfield State University, taught Ecology classes at Conway School of Landscape Design, leads wildlife tracking workshops, and runs wildlife camera trainings. In addition, Jess is a level II certified CyberTracker and a member of The Wildlife Society. Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 18 Appendix A. Mass CAPS: Index of Ecological Integrity, Northampton, MA Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Northampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 19 Mass CAPS: Index of Ecological Integrity. Zoomed to the Lathrop Campus and surrounding area Invasive Plant Management Plan Lathrop Community, Easthampton Campus Land Stewardship, Inc. 413-863-6333 PO Box 511 www.landstewardshipinc.com Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376 info@landstewardshipinc.com 20 Appendix B: Residential Management Map created by resident Ruth Elcan